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Instructor: Dr. Harbour
Office: East Ruffner 228
Office telephone: 395-2219
Office hours:
MWF 11:00-12:00 TR 9:30 - 10:30
harbourwr@longwood.edu
Table of Contents
Course
Description
Texts
Course
Objectives
Class
Schedule
Course
Requirements
Grading
Attendance
Policy
Honor
Code
Class
Discussion
Critical
Thinking Writing Exercises
Taking
Exams
Bibliography
Course Description:
An introduction to the American political system, with an emphasis upon the
national political institutions, processes, groups, public behavior, and issues
which shape contemporary society.
Texts:
Edwards, Wattenberg, Lineberry. Government in America
14th Edition. New
York: Person/Longman, 2009. Hardback
Students will also be required to purchase a discounted subscription to the New York Times from the Bookstore. Being aware of current political developments is important to good citizenship. Each exam will have at least one essay question requiring students to reflect on current political news.
Other Reading:
Students will also be required to purchase a discounted subscription to the
New York Times from the Bookstore. Being aware of current
political developments is important to good citizenship. Each exam will
have at least one question requiring students to reflect on current political
news and relate such developments to the material we are studying about the American
political system.
Students may also keep up with current political events and may follow the news
through the following online sites:
http://www.nyt.com/
http://www.cnn.com/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/
http://www.foxnews.com/index.html
http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?parm1=5
A useful site for checking on the facts presented in public forums:
http://www.factcheck.org/
Many thoughtful students sometimes wonder how much they can trust
information about politics they encounter when viewing political ads and
reading political editorials. They also worry about the objectivity of media
news reports. Both conservatives and liberals complain about the distortion of
facts found in the political ads run by the other side and various websites
sponsored by opposition ideological groups. Distorting the views and positions
of the opposition to make them look as bad as possible is an all too typical
campaign technique. As a citizen and a student you not only should consider
examining many different perspectives and sources of information but also make
use of above site sponsored by the Annenberg Public Policy Center. The experts at this site checks out the factual accuracy of many
political speeches, ads, and news releases. They take on both the left
and the right, finding errors put out by democrats and republicans. This site
is especially useful when elections approach in examining current political
debates over public policy.
Students may also read the Online editions of CQ Weekly and The CQ Researcher published by Congressional Quarterly Inc. These may be found by going to the CQ Library site at: http://library.cqpress.com/
Students can also make use of Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports
and Issue Briefs found online at:
http://www.opencrs.com/
There will be specific assignments from the above and other Web sources.
Click HERE for the Study Guide which contains questions for reading and thinking about the assignments, links to useful web sties containing materials on the topics being explored, and suggestions on developing your research for the critical thinking writing assignments.
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:
1. Demonstrate a capacity for critical and analytical thought about issues central to the American political system.
2. Demonstrate an ability to communicate in writing their knowledge and beliefs about the institutions and forces shaping the American political system.
3. Describe the essential features of the American political system.
4. Identify information regarding the American political system which is necessary for useful and responsible citizenship.
5. Discuss important philosophical and ethical issues associated with the practice of politics and the challenges facing this nation's system of government.
6. Describe the major ways in which political scientists have tried to understand American politics.
7. Discuss how American government and politics have shaped and been shaped by the dynamic social forces of the last hundred years.
8. Demonstrate an awareness of the diversity of persuasions and interests within American society.
9. Discuss elements of both continuity and change within the American political system.
Class Schedule:
Click HERE for the Study Guide which contains questions
for reading and thinking about the assignments, links to useful web sites
containing materials on the topics being explored, and suggestions on
developing your research for the critical thinking writing assignments.
Week 1 (Aug. 23-27) Introduction to the Study of American Politics; The Constitutional System
Read: Edwards, Chpts, 1, 2
The Constitution
The Federalist, No. 51
Special Topics:
What is politics all about? How do political scientists try to understand
politics?
What are the most important features of the American constitutional system?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 1
First read The Federalist, No. 10 and No. 51. Then write a three
page essay on what you believe to be the core principles of Madison's political
theory and what he hoped the system of checks and balances in the
constitutional system would both prevent and achieve. What are his key
values? What are his goals? How does he hope to protect his most
important values?
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Aug. 26.
Week 2 (Aug. 30 - Sept. 3) The Constitutional System; Federalism
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 2, 3
The Constitution
Special Topics:
How have the rules governing American institutions and politics been changed by
amendments added to the Constitution?
What are the essential attributes of American federalism?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 2
This assignment is based upon your reading the Supreme Court decision:
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819. You can read this decision online by using the
Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe at: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/
There you will find a summary and outline of the case,
the arguments presented to the Court by both sides, and the opinion handed down
by the Court. In your three page essay you should explain why this case was so
important to the evolution of the federal system.
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Sept.2.
Week 3 (Sept. 6-10)
(No classes on Monday, September 6, Labor Day)
Constitutional Liberties; Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Read: Constitutional Amendments
Edwards, Chpts. 4, 5
Special Topics:
What are the most important rights protected by the Bill of Rights?
What are the most important equal rights issues facing this country?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 3
This assignment is based upon your reading the Supreme Court decision: Brown v.
Board of Education of Topeka, 1954. You can read this decision online by using
the Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe at: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/
There you will find a summary and outline of the case,
the arguments presented to the Court by both sides, and the opinion handed down
by the Court. In your three page essay you should explain the constitutional
and public policy issues at stake in this case as well as the arguments used by
Chief Justice Earl Warren in overturning the doctrine used by the defenders of
government mandated segregation in education. In this essay you should also
explain how knowledge from different academic disciplines played a role in how
one could look at the practice of state mandated segregation in education.
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Sept. 9.
Week 4 (Sept. 13-17) American Political Culture
Read: Declaration of Independence; Federalists 10, 51
Edwards, Chpt. 1
Poll data on levels of trust and distrust in different institutions: http://www.gallup.com/poll/141512/Congress-Ranks-Last-Confidence-Institutions.aspx
Poll data on levels of trust and distrust in the three branches of the
federal government:
http://www.gallup.com/poll/143225/Trust-Legislative-Branch-Falls-Record-Low.aspx
You may encounter debates involving some
important aspects of our political culture by going to the Congressional
Quarterly Library online at: http://library.cqpress.com/
Go to the link on the Congressional Researcher (CQ Researcher
Online). Then go to the link to the
article “Conspiracy Theories: Do they threaten democracy?” by Peter Katel in the October, 23, 2009 Volume 19, Issue 37at: http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2009102300
Also go to the link on the article “Government and Religion: Was the United
States founded as a “Christian nation?” by Thomas J. Billiteri
in the January 15, 2010 Volume 20, Issue 2 at: http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2010011500
Special Topics:
What are the most important features of American political culture?
First test
NOTE: You will have your first test on Thursday, Sept. 16.
This test will count for 1/5 of your semester grade.
Week 5 (Sept. 20-24) Public Opinion; Political Ideology; Political
Participation
Read: Edwards, Chpt. 6
To follow public opinion polls on a wide range of political issues go to the
Gallup site at: http://www.gallup.com/Home.aspx
There are important think tanks on both
the left and right and each produce informative research on contemporary
political issues.
You may read studies
representing contemporary liberalism by going to the online site of the Center
for American Progress at:
http://www.americanprogress.org/ and Brookings at: http://www.brookings.edu/
There are important political
magazines found on both the left and right that feature stories and editorials
on contemporary political issues.
You may read articles
representing different contemporary liberal views by going to the online
version of The New Republic at:
http://www.tnr.com/
You may read studies
representing contemporary conservatism by going to the online site of The
Heritage Foundation at:
http://www.heritage.org/ and the American Enterprise Institute For
Public Policy Research at: http://www.aei.org/
You may read articles
representing different contemporary conservative views by going to the online
version of The National Review at:
http://www.nationalreview.com/#
Special Topics:
What are some of the most important observations which can be made about public
opinion in American politics? What are the most important observations one can
make about citizen participation in American politics?
What role does ideology play in American politics?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 4
Write a three page essay on the impact of the so-called Tea Party movement on
Republican party politics and the nation
at-large. Before writing your essay read
the article “Tea Party Movement” by Peter Katel in
the March 19, 2010 – Volume 20, Issue 11 edition of the Congressional
Researcher (CQ Researcher Online). You
must start by going to the Congressional Quarterly Library online at: http://library.cqpress.com/
Go to the link on the Congressional Researcher (CQ Researcher
Online). You may also be able to access
the article at: http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2010031900
In addition to reading this article you should also make use of what you have
been reading about the Tea Party movement in various newspapers. Discuss the reasons for the appearance of
this movement and whether or not it is a good thing for the Republican party and American politics.
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Sept. 23.
Week 6 (Sept. 27 – Oct. 1) Voters, Elections, and Campaigns
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 9, 10
Presidential Election Results, 1789-2008
Exit poll data on 2004 Elections: http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/
Exit poll data on 2008 Elections: http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/
Gallup data on voting by different demographic groups in presidential elections
1952-2008:
http://www.gallup.com/poll/139880/Election-Polls-Presidential-Vote-Groups.aspx#1
Study the electoral vote map for 2008 (and access maps from earlier elections)
at: http://www.270towin.com/
If the above site is difficult to use, then the following one may do the job: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/elections.php
Study the electoral vote maps for 2008 and 2004 by state and county at: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/2008/
Special Topics:
What are the most important observations one can make about voting behavior in
the United States?
How has research and knowledge about voting behavior developed by political
scientists influenced how political consultants plan campaigns? How are
election campaigns driven by the empirical knowledge developed by the social
sciences?
What are the principal aspects of the presidential selection process?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 5
Write a three page essay explaining why and how Barack Obama won the 2008
presidential election.
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Sept. 30.
Week 7 (Oct. 4-8) Political Parties; Interest Groups
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 8, 11
The Federalist, No. 10 and No. 51
Data on Partisan Identification found at: http://www.gallup.com/poll/15370/Party-Affiliation.aspx
For information on the Democratic
Party go to the website of the National Democratic Committee at: http://www.democrats.org/
For information on the Republic party go to the website of the National
Republic Committee at: http://www.gop.com/
Study the electoral vote map for 2008 (and access maps from earlier
elections) at: http://www.270towin.com/
If the above site is difficult to use, then the following one may do the job: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/elections.php
To follow the role of money in political campaigns, go to the following site: http://www.opensecrets.org/
Special Topics:
What are the most important of characteristics of American political parties?
What is the role played by interest groups in American politics?
Do interest groups advance or diminish democracy in America? Do Interest
groups advance or diminish the common good?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 6
Option 1: Write a three page essay on the role of interest groups in
shaping legislation.
Option 2: Write a three page essay on
the role of interest groups in financing the current Congressional campaigns.
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Oct. 7.
FALL BREAK OCTOBER 11-12
Week 8 (Oct. 13-15) Mass Media Politics
Read: Edwards, Chpt. 7
Poll data on public distrust of the mass media: http://www.gallup.com/poll/143267/Distrust-Media-Edges-Record-High.aspx
Poll data on public distrust of newspapers and TV news: http://www.gallup.com/poll/142133/Confidence-Newspapers-News-Remains-Rarity.aspx
Poll data on growing use of cable and internet news sources: http://www.gallup.com/poll/113314/Cable-Internet-News-Sources-Growing-Popularity.aspx
Special Topics:
Fall Break (No classes on Monday and Tuesday of this week.)
How has the media influenced politics in the United States?
What does content analysis (a method used by social scientists to analyze
communication) employed by political scientists tell us about important changes
taking place in American politics? How has the study of the media's impact on
American politics modified our overall understanding of the political system?
Week 9 (Oct. 18-22) Second Test and The Congress
Read: Edwards, Chpt. 12
Special Topics:
Second Test
The Congress
NOTE: You will have your second test on Tuesday, Oct. 19.
This test will count for 1/5 of your semester grade.
What is the role of Congress in the American political system? Who has power in
Congress?
What is the role of political parties in Congress?
Week 10 (Oct. 25-29) The Congress
Read: Edwards, Chpt. 12
For extra information on the House of Representatives, go to: http://www.house.gov/
For extra information on the Senate, go to: http://www.senate.gov/
Congress has important agencies helping it to analyze public policy issues and
serve as a watchdog on the Executive Branch:
You may go to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) site at: http://www.cbo.gov/
You may go to the Government Accountability Office (GA0) site at: http://www.gao.gov/
You may go to the Congressional Research Service (CRS) site at: http://www.loc.gov/crsinfo/about/
You may access many of the CRS reports at the following site: http://www.opencrs.com/
Special Topics:
What is the role played by committees in Congress?
What processes must a bill go through in order to become a law?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 7
Write a three page essay in which you explain the reasons for what some
observers call the gridlock in our nation’s political system. Before writing your essay carefully read the
article “Gridlock in Washington” by Marcia Clemmitt
in the April 30, 2010 – Volume 20, Issue 17 edition of the Congressional
Researcher (CQ Researcher Online). You
must start by going to the Congressional Quarterly Library online at: http://library.cqpress.com/
Go to the link on the Congressional Researcher (CQ Researcher
Online). You may also be able to access
the article at: http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2010043000&PHPSESSID=s35f65ns274lkq9ei6it3t7hf5
After studying that article and drawing on what we have studied in class and
what you have been reading about in newspapers, discuss the sources of that
gridlock and whether or not that gridlock is a good or bad thing for our
political system. This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Oct. 28.
Week 11 (Nov. 1-5) The Presidency
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 13, 14
Check out election results and exit polls for this year’s Congressional
elections at the sites below.
Check out election results at: http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2010/results/main.results/#val=S
Check out exit polls at: http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2010/results/polls/#USH00p1
Check out the change in
voting patterns seen in the 2010 election: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/11/03/us/politics/election-results-house-shift.html?ref=politics
Special Topics:
What functions are performed by the presidency in the American political
system? What are the key elements of presidential power?
What institutional forces shape the modern presidency? How important is
presidential personality to the office?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 8.
What factors account for the success or failure of presidents as they attempt
to lead the country?
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Nov. 4.
Week 12 (Nov. 8-12) The Bureaucracy; The
Judiciary
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 15, 16
Check out extra information on the Supreme Court at: http://www.supremecourt.gov/
Students might find the following video rather funny. It was sent to me by a former student who is
very successful in her legal career, but it makes fun of going to law
school. Enjoy…http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMvARy0lBLE
The Federalist, No. 78
Special Topics:
What are the most important characteristics of the federal bureaucracy?
What role does the judiciary play in the American Political System?
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 9
Write a three page essay in which you explain why presidents have trouble
dealing with the federal bureaucracy. Then explain what tools they have
at their disposal in trying to lead the bureaucracy.
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Thursday, Nov.
11.
Week 13 (Nov. 15-19) Domestic Policy Making; Economic and Budget
Policies; Social Welfare Policies; Health Care
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 14, 17, 18, 19
You may check out federal budget
information at the following sites:
OMB: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/
CBO: http://www.cbo.gov/
There is also a libertarian site at: http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/index.php
You may read about the Federal Reserve System at: http://www.federalreserve.gov/
Examine the links and data found on the federal budget at this site: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/politics/budget-2010/
Special Topics:
What are the most important political characteristics of domestic policy
making?
What are the major steps in the policy making process?
What are the principal forces shaping economic and budget policies?
What are the most important features of American social welfare policies?
Understand some of the challenges to Social Security and Medicare posed by the
aging of the population and the impending retirement of the "Baby
Boom" generation. You may also want to understand this issue in a
broader global context.
You must start by going to the Congressional Quarterly Library online at: http://library.cqpress.com/
Go to the link on the Congressional Researcher (CQ Researcher
Online). Look for the October 19, 2007 article by Alan Greenblatt, "Aging Baby Boomers."
http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2007101900
Also read the Nov. 21, 2008 article by Sarah Glazer, "Declining
Birthrates." http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2008112100
Critical Thinking Writing Exercise No. 10
Write a three page essay in which you examine the main issues involved in the
current debate over national health care reform legislation passed by Congress
earlier this year. Before writing your
essay carefully read the article “Health-Care Reform” by Marcia Clemmitt in the June 11, 2010 – Volume 20, Issue 22 edition
of the Congressional Researcher (CQ Researcher Online). You must start by going to the Congressional
Quarterly Library online at: http://library.cqpress.com/
Go to the link on the Congressional Researcher (CQ Researcher
Online). You may also be able to access
the article at: http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2010061100
After studying that article and drawing on what you
have been reading about in newspapers, discuss the most important changes that
the legislation will bring about to our health care system. Another good source to use in dealing with
misleading claims about health care reform is to go the following nonpartisan
site: http://www.factcheck.org/
This assignment is due by 4:00 on Tuesday, Nov. 18.
Week 14 (Nov. 22-23) Third Test
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 19, 20
NOTE: You will have your third test on Tuesday, Nov.
23.
This test will count for 1/5 of your semester grade.
Thanksgiving Vacation November 24-28
Week 15 (Nov. 29 – Dec. 3) The Environment; Foreign and Defense
Policies; Review
Read: Edwards, Chpts. 19, 20
Special Topics:
What are some of the most important environmental issues facing the country?
What forces have shaped the making of American foreign policies and defense
policies since World War II?
How is American foreign policy evolving?
Classes end Dec. 3
Reading Day: Dec. 4
Exam Period: Dec. 6-10
Final Exam: The final exam for section 03 will be on Thursday,
Dec. 9 at 8:00 A. M. – 10:30 A. M.
The
final exam for section 05 will be on Monday, Dec. 6 at 8:00 A.M. - 10:30 A.M.
The final exam will be worth 1/5 of
your semester grade.
Course Requirements:
Ten critical thinking writing assignments
Three tests
Final comprehensive examination
Daily reading of the New York Times
Grading:
Your semester grade will be based on your combined score for 10 critical
thinking writing assignments, three tests given during the course of the
semester, and a final examination. Each of these will count for 1/5 of your
semester grade for the class.
Attendance Policy:
The attendance policy for this course is the college policy found in the
College Catalog and Student Handbook.
Honor Code:
Students are expected to live by the Longwood College Honor Code. All work done
for the class must be pledged. Your instructor will not tolerate any form of
cheating.
Class Discussion:
Your instructor values class participation. Those students who make consistent
contributions to class discussion will discover that if their semester average
is on the borderline between two grades that they will receive the higher of
the two grades. Students are encouraged to ask questions and to express their
knowledge and beliefs about the material and issues being dealt with in class.
Be prepared to relate what we are studying to current political events.
Critical Thinking Writing Exercises:
There will be 10 critical thinking writing exercises. These assignments will be
three pages in length. They will be done in Microsoft Word with a Font size 12
and double spaced. Any documentation for these exercises will be done according
to the Turabian format for a research paper. A
shorter version of that style manual can be found on the History style manual
at the following web address: <http://www.longwood.edu/history/HDPTSTS2.htm>
All of these essays will also be turned in to <turnitin.com>
Your essays also must demonstrate reading beyond what is required for class
assignments and must reflect knowledge of current political events.
Taking Exams:
All tests and exams must be taken on time. You are expected to provide
proof for any legitimate reason (illness, participation in a college sponsored activity,
or recognizable emergency) you have for missing a test or exam. Quizzes,
critical thinking worksheets, and papers handed in past the time they are due
will lose points. You must be prepared in all the exams to relate the
material being studied to current political events.
Bibliography:
Required Reading:
The Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry and Serow & Ladd texts required for the course
Online CQ Library publications
Students will also be required to purchase a discounted subscription to the New
York Times from the Bookstore. Being aware of current political
developments is important to good citizenship. Each exam will have at
least one question requiring the student to reflect on current political news
and relate such developments to the material we are studying about the American
political system.
Current online news sites
Any special assignments of web based materials posted
on Blackboard
Suggested Reading or Reference:
James David Barber. The Presidential Character.
4th Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, 1992.
Colin Campbell & Bert A. Rockman.
Editors. The Clinton Legacy.
New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000.
Thomas E. Cronin & Michael A. Genovese. The Paradoxes of the American Presidency. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Byron W. Daynes & Glen Sussman. The American
Presidency and the Social Agenda. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001.
Byron W. Daynes, Raymond Tatalovich,
Denis L. Soden. To Govern a Nation: Presidential
Power
and Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
Robert E. DiClerico. The
American President. Fifth Edition.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000.
Robert E. DiClerico. Political
Parties, Campaigns, and Elections. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall, 2000.
George C. Edwards III & Philip John Davies. New Challenges for the
American Presidency. New York:
Longman, 2004.
E.J. Dionne. Why Americans Hate Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1992.
James M. Fallows. Breaking the News: How the MediaUndermine
American Democracy. New York: Pantheon, 1996.
Steven W. Hook and John Spanier. American Foreign Policy Since
World War II. Eighteenth
Edition. CQ Press: Washington,
D.C., 2009.
Abraham J. Henry and Barbara Perry. Freedom
and the Court. 5th Edition. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
John S. Jackson III & William Crotty.
The Politics of Presidential Selection. Second Edition. New York: Longman, 2001.
Bruce W. Jentleson. Editor.
Perspectives on American Foreign Policy. New
York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000.
Lance T. LeLoup & Steven A.
Shull. Congress and the The
President: The Policy Connection.
Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993.
James P. Pfiffner & Roger H.
Davidson. Editors. Understanding the Presidency. Second Edition. New York: Addison
Wesley Longman, Inc., 2000.
Nelson W. Polsby and Aaron Wildavsky. Presidential
Elections. 10th Edtion.
New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000.
Gerald M. Pomper et. al. The Election of 2000.
New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2001.
Larry Sabato. Editor.
Overtime: The 2000 Election Thriller. New York: Longman, 2002.
Larry Sabato.
The Year of Obama: How Barack Obama Won the White House. New York: Longman. 2010.
John Spanier and Eric Uslaner.
American Foreign Policy and the Democratic Dilemmas.
Sixth Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company,
1994.
Sidney Verba, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry Brady. Voiceand
Equality: Civic Voluntarism in
American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1995.
Shirley Anne Warshaw. The Domestic Presidency:
Policy Making in the White House. Boston:
Allyn and Bacon, 1997.
Martin P. Wattenburg. The Decline of American
Political Parties, 1952-1992. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 1994.
Stephen P. Wayne. The Road to the White House 1996: The Politics of
Presidential Elections. New
York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Academic Journals:
American Political Science Review
Presidential Studies Quarterly
Journal of Politics
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